Old Paper Roll Vector Free' title='Old Paper Roll Vector Free' />GPS Receiver Testing National Instruments. From the airplane pilot operating a Boeing 7. GPS navigation system in his car, to the hobbyist searching for buried treasure in the forest, GPS technology is quickly becoming integrated in a wide variety of applications. The fortunetelling game MASH, kept alive over decades by gradeschoolers, requires nothing more than pencil, paper, and a friend. Heres how to play this little. As innovation drives GPS receivers to even better performance, techniques used to characterize performance are becoming increasingly sophisticated as well. Today, with the power of software, you can create GPS waveforms that accurately emulate the real world signal. In addition, advances in instrument bus technology enable record and playback of live GPS signals with PXI instrumentation. Introduction. As GPS technology becomes more commonplace on the commercial market, many designers are working to improve characteristics such as lower power consumption, the tracking of weak satellites, faster acquisition times, and more accurate position fixes. In this application note, learn how to make a variety of GPS receiver measurements including sensitivity, noise figure, position accuracy, time to first fix TTFF, and position deviation. The goal of this document is to provide engineers with a thorough understanding of GPS measurement techniques. For engineers who are new to GPS receiver measurements, this paper offers a comprehensive overview of common measurements. Engineers who are already experienced at performing GPS measurements can use this document as a resource to introduce new instrumentation technology. This application note is structured according to the following sections     Basics of GPS Technology     GPS Measurement Systems     Overview of Common Measurements. Sensitivity. Time to First Fix TTFFPosition Accuracy and Repeatability. Tracking Accuracy and Repeatability. SKECHERS online, La pi grande selezione di scarpe da ginnastica, da citt e per tutti I giorni, disponibili per donne, uomini e bambini. Each section provides several practical tips and techniques. More importantly, you can compare your results to typical results NI engineers have observed from GPS receivers. By correlating your results with both NI and theoretical measurements, you can be sure that your measurement data is valid. Back to Top. 2. GPS Navigation System. The global positioning system GPS is a space based radio navigation system managed by the U. S. Air Force. While GPS was originally developed as a military positioning system, it has significant benefits for civilian use as well. In fact, it is likely you already use GPS receivers in your car, boat, or even cell phone. Scroll-background.jpg' alt='Old Paper Roll Vector Free Download' title='Old Paper Roll Vector Free Download' />The GPS navigation system consists of 2. L1 and L2 frequency bands. In the L1 band, at 1. GHz, each satellite generates a 1. Mchips BPSK binary phase shift keying spread spectrum signal. The spreading sequence uses a pseudorandom PN sequence called the CA coarse acquisition code. Although the spreading sequence is 1. Mchips, the actual message data rate is 5. Hz 1. At the systems original deployment, GPS receivers were able to achieve a typical accuracy of greater than 3. This level of accuracy was due to an intentional random timing error added by the U. S. military for security reasons. However, on May 2, 2. Today, receivers are able to achieve better than 5 m of maximum error, with typical errors as low as 1 to 2 m. In both the L1 and L2 1. GHz bands, GPS satellites also generate an additional signal known as the P code. This signal is a 1. Mbitss BPSK modulated signal that also uses a PN sequence as spreading code. The P codes transmitted are used by the military for even greater position precision. In the L1 band, they are transmitted 9. CA codes to ensure that both can be detected at the same carrier 2. P codes in the L1 band have a signal power of 1. BW and a power of 1. BW in the L2 band. By contrast, the broadcast power for CA codes in the L1 band is a minimum of 1. BW on the earths surface. GPS Navigation Message. For CA codes, the navigation message consists of 2. In addition, each frame is divided into five 3. With a receiver acquiring CA codes, it takes exactly six seconds to acquire one subframe and 3. Note that the 3. 0 seconds needed to acquire an entire frame actually has profound implications on some of the measurements discussed later in this paper. In fact, the time to first fix TTFF measurement is usually greater than 3. To achieve a position fix, most receivers must have updated almanac and ephemeris information. This information is contained in the message data transmitted by the satellites, and each subframe contains a unique set of information. Generally, subframes have the following data 27 Subframe 1 Clock correction, accuracy, and health information of satellite. Subframes 2 3 The precise orbital parameters used to compute the exact location of each satellite. Subframes 4 5 Coarse satellite orbital data, clock correction, and health information. Dark Souls 2 Patch 1.03. Pro Tools Le Hard Drive Requirements. Figure 1. Structure of one frame of GPS data. Almanac and ephemeris information is critical for the receiver to obtain a position fix. At a high level, GPS receivers return position through a simple triangulation algorithm once the distance to each satellite pseudorange is known. In fact, the combination of pseudorange and satellite location information enables the receiver to accurately identify its own position. Using either the CA or P codes, receivers are able to achieve a 3. D position fix by tracking up to four satellites. While the process of tracking a satellite is quite complex, the basic idea is that the receiver can estimate its position by determining the distance to each tracked satellite. Because signals propagate at the speed of light c, or 2. Equation 1. Pseudorange as a Function of Time Interval 14The actual process of achieving position fix information occurs by the receiver decoding the message data sent from each satellite. With each satellite broadcasting its unique position, the receiver is able to use the pseudorange difference between each satellite to determine its exact location 8. Using triangulation, a receiver requires three satellites to achieve a 2. D position fix and four satellites to achieve a 3. Text Based Rpg Games Single Player Offline more. D position fix. Back to Top. Setting Up a GPS Measurement System. The primary instrument required to test a GPS receiver is an RF vector signal generator that is capable of simulating GPS signals. This application note describes how to use the NI PXIe 5. RF vector signal generator for this purpose. You can use this instrument with the NI GPS Simulation Toolkit for Lab. VIEW to generate from one to 1. GPS satellites.  The design of a complete GPS measurement system also involves several different accessories to guarantee the best performance. For example, you can use external fixed attenuators to improve power accuracy and noise floor performance. In addition, you may need a DC blocker for some receivers, depending on whether the receiver supplies a DC bias to its direct input port. The complete GPS signal generation system is shown in Figure 1. Figure 2. Block Diagram of GPS Generation System. You can observe in Figure 2 that up to 6. B of external RF attenuation padding is often used when testing GPS receivers. Fixed attenuators provide the measurement system with at least two benefits. First, they ensure that the noise floor of the test stimulus is well below the thermal noise floor 1. BmHz. Second, you can use them to improve the power accuracy because you can calibrate signal level with a high precision RF power meter. While only 2. 0 d. B of attenuation is required to meet the noise floor goal, you can achieve best power accuracy and noise floor performance when using 6. B of attenuation.